sean carroll podcast quantum mechanics

And then you plug into the Newtonian cookbook and everything follows from that. It’s very foundational for everything that we do in physics. He said there must be something deeply hidden going on that explains this weird phenomenon, and he stuck with that attitude for his whole life, that we don’t simply in science accept results. He invented the fact that light is quantized, that’s kind of a big deal. This is already abstract and hard to follow enough. One is they are maximum entropy configurations for any one region of space. 0:45:42 RR: So that is a lot of universes. Because that’s how many degrees of freedom are inside, sort of one per every little part in space, one per every cubic Planck length or whatever it is, okay? That’s a very, very big number, okay? 0:07:58 SC: And the point is, that in classical mechanics, in Newtonian mechanics, if you had a particle, what is that? “Free speech” is rightfully entrenched as an important value in liberal democratic societies, but implementing it consistently and fairly is a tricky business. Rather than saying, “Look, this is a tremendous issue that we should devote enormous intellectual resources to,” we say, “Ah, that’s not important. 1:24:46 RR: When we do the detections, when we do pin down the location of an electron in the lab, how precise do we get? It’s not in direct conflict with anything, but it kind of makes us uncomfortable, okay? It makes you look less serious. Dynamical collapse theories say the wave functions usually evolve according to the Schrödinger equation, but not always. But on any one branch, when I have a cat that is asleep, all the photons are hitting in the same way. But the other side was Bohr and his co-workers who said, “Look, it’s good enough. 0:42:29 SC: In a very literal sense you became entangled with that electron. On the other hand, they find it difficult to take many worlds seriously. And when I say gigantic, you know how we have three dimensions of space around us, up, down, left, right, forward, backward, any vector space has a certain number of dimensions.

Okay, two different physical locations.

New subscriber but OG listener here! 1:09:43 RR: Yeah, yeah, his versions are all the same. Really liked this solo episode, can’t wait to read your new book. The same exact thing would be true if our universe is infinite in space. So let me give some of the other answers to the measurement problem, and you’ll see what I mean. I said before we never see superpositions, and so now we can start confronting the question, “Well, why not? Usually there’s no way of taking an abstract quantum system and dividing it into a bunch of little local subsystems just talking to their neighbors. And furthermore… I mean, the reasons why that’s true is because they’re both technical problems, things blow up and become infinity, and also there’s conceptual problems. A, it’s so successful, yet we don’t know how it works.

0:16:38 SC: Exactly. So I try to give the basic picture of why you should be interested in many worlds, what many worlds says, etcetera. You will never observe it going through both slits. And they would bump into the cat in a different way if the cat was awake and walking around. They’re misleading. That’s what theoretical physics is all about. Everything that I say might, not be completely wrong, but be completely useless in figuring out, ultimately, how to reconcile gravity with quantum mechanics, but we don’t know yet. 0:09:08 SC: I would argue that quantum mechanics is important because it’s right as far as we know. He said, “What if the geometry of spacetime is related to energy and matter in a certain way?” What Jacobson says is, “What if the geometry of spacetime is related to entropy in a certain way?” And he claims that he can then derive Einstein’s equation from that new assumption. 1:19:03 SC: But the holographic principle says there’s another way of thinking about the black hole, which just sort of puts everything on the boundary, imagines that what is really happening inside the black hole can be entirely 100% described simply by giving information that is located at the two-dimensional boundary of the black hole. Like I said before, no matter how good you are at quantum mechanics, the traditional thing to do has always been to start with a classical theory and to quantize it. 1:19:48 RR: Depending on the dialect. It’s a way of being Bayesian about things. 0:55:23 RR: Cryptography. Click above to close. 1:06:37 SC: Yeah, so there’s a 50% chance the photon bounces to the left, 50% chance it just goes right on through. 0:07:03 SC: Wow. If you do…well! Is the new book going to be avaible via Audible? It takes the idea that we observe something very seriously and puts it front and center. I will not let the world disappear under my nose but if you do I can’t say I’m sorry. 1:04:48 SC: What does it mean to have a relationship between you now and you five minutes ago, or five years ago? 1:35:02 SC: If you say a feature of gravity is that it means there’s only a finite number of degrees of freedom and a feature of finite numbers of degrees of freedom is that Lorentz invariance is only approximate, then that opens up an experimental window and maybe experimental quantum gravity will be one of the frontiers in the future. 1:06:12 RR: Let’s split the universe and first explain what the app is. You might think he was ’cause we’re talking about quantum mechanics and we’re talking about gravity, but he assumed that there was a spacetime, that there’s basically a classical spacetime and that spacetime was responding to quantum mechanical matter living within it. But that’s a cheat a little bit ’cause we’re using the notion of space and we’re supposed to be deriving the notion of space. Okay, now, Jacobson of course, wasn’t doing quantum gravity. 0:15:19 RR: And that poor Einstein debate persisted over many, many years after the Solvay Conference? 0:23:21 RR: So let’s get to the heart of the matter, the measurement problem, the source of so much of this weirdness and confusion about what might be going on. So, James Clerk Maxwell in the mid 1800s pointed out that electricity and magnetism were two sides of the same coin. 0:42:29 SC: Now, all of that, of course, does what I said we really don’t wanna do. But sometimes there are, and when there are, when there is, that way is usually unique. 0:12:41 SC: So it’s exactly like Newtonian mechanics, there’s a state. Because our universe is expanding and accelerating, there is a horizon around us, and there’s an entropy of our observable universe that turns out to be about 10 to the 122 when you go through the numbers.

So there are all sorts of weird possibilities that are happening out there in branches of the universe, including ones in which it looks like you made a different decision, but the causality goes from the atoms in your brain to your macroscopic self, not the other way around. 0:59:15 SC: You can start with an abstract quantum mechanical system. And Hugh Everett was his student and plenty others as well. Literally, while I began writing the book, I was also in my other part of my superposition of what I do for a living, was writing a grant proposal or a group grand proposal here at Caltech to the Department of Energy, Theoretical Physics. In other words, what is the best way that we can talk in somewhat classical vocabulary about this quantum mechanical theory that we have. Every second the universe branches into 5000 universes as you mentioned in the podcast and each of those 5000 universes branches into 5000 more after one more second. I told you that the state of a particle is its position and also its velocity. So in the physics community, as a whole, there’s been a softening of their stance that studying the foundations of quantum mechanics is a bad idea. Maybe thinking about quantum mechanics from the many-worlds perspective will help us solve quantum gravity. 1:25:00 RR: Don’t know that one? Another thing that I don’t wanna get into right now, it’s in the book, I talk about it with Susskind and I think that little bit with Penrose, but it’s hard to get the information out of black holes.

And Planck said, let’s just imagine that when light is emitted by the glowing object, it comes in discrete packets of energy. So very quickly, in the brane example, it’s not that they exist in a much higher dimensional space.

0:57:12 RR: This thickness, this is not something that’s easily measurable, I assume? As you might know, I have a book coming out. I’m going to choose to go down the road that says there’s only a finite number of degrees of freedom in every region of space, okay? The question sits squarely at the overlap of quantum mechanics and gravitation, an area in which direct experimental input is hard to come by, so a great number of leading theoretical physicists have been thinking about it for decades. But if you ask, “Okay, but what is really going on?” Physicists do not agree. This is what fits the data that our observation changes the quantum state right away, called collapse of the wave function. It’s a really amazingly fruitful time in the history of physics, largely because quantum mechanics was invented.

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